Sanatana
Dharma: The Oldest and Purest Religion in the World
Introduction
Sanatana Dharma,
often referred to as Hinduism, is one of the world's oldest and most profound
belief systems. With a rich history spanning thousands of years, it has evolved
into a complex and diverse religious and philosophical tradition. In this
comprehensive 10,000-word note, we will delve into the origins, key principles,
sacred texts, rituals, and the enduring significance of Sanatana Dharma. We
will also explore its historical development, its role in shaping Bhartiya
culture and society, and its global influence. To illustrate the antiquity and
purity of this tradition, we will incorporate Sanskrit quotes from various
sacred texts.
I. The Essence
of Sanatana Dharma
1.1. Defining
Sanatana Dharma
Sanatana Dharma,
often translated as "Eternal Religion" or "Eternal Duty,"
is more accurately described as a way of life, a philosophical system, and a
spiritual path rather than a conventional religion in the Western sense. It
encompasses a vast array of beliefs, practices, and traditions that have
evolved over thousands of years. It is characterized by its openness,
adaptability, and the absence of a single founder or central religious
authority.
Sanskrit
Quote (Bhagavad Gita): "यदा यदा हि धर्मस्य ग्लानिर्भवति भारत। अभ्युत्थानमधर्मस्य
तदात्मानं सृजाम्यहम्।।" (Translation: "Whenever there is
a decline in righteousness and an increase in unrighteousness, O Arjuna, at
that time, I manifest myself.")
1.2. The Core
Principles
Sanatana Dharma
is guided by several core principles that underpin its philosophical and
ethical framework:
1. Dharma:
Dharma refers to righteousness, duty, and moral law. It is the ethical and
moral code that individuals must follow to lead a virtuous life.
2. Karma:
Karma is the principle of cause and effect, where one's actions, both good and
bad, have consequences in this life and the next.
3. Reincarnation
(Samsara): The belief in the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth
until one achieves liberation (moksha) from this cycle.
4. Moksha:
Moksha is the ultimate goal of liberation from the cycle of rebirth and union
with the divine.
5. Atman
and Brahman: The belief in the individual soul (atman) being
inherently connected to the universal soul (Brahman), representing the divine
within each person.
6. Ahimsa
(Non-violence): The principle of non-violence, promoting
compassion and respect for all living beings.
7. Yoga:
The practice of mental, physical, and spiritual disciplines aimed at
self-realization and union with the divine.
Sanskrit
Quote (Upanishads): "सर्वं खल्विदं ब्रह्म"
(Translation: "All this is Brahman.")
II. Historical
Development
2.1. Ancient
Roots
Sanatana Dharma's origins can be
traced back to the Indus Valley Civilization (around 2500 BCE), where
archaeological findings suggest the presence of early religious practices and
symbols. These practices evolved over time and merged with the Vedic traditions
that arrived with the Indo-Aryans. But it is more older than what we have
evidence in history. As per the Vedas
and puranas a series of Yug and chaturyuga is concern. Based on the theory life
on this universe is from millions of years. But we refer it saying that Lord
Ram came to this planet some 7000 year back.
May be the calculation and its parameters were different.
Sanskrit Quote
(Rigveda): "आ नो भद्राः क्रतवो यन्तु
विश्वतः।" (Translation: "Let noble thoughts come to us
from every side.")
2.2. The
Vedic Period
The Vedic period (1500 BCE to 500
BCE) saw the composition of the Rigveda, the oldest of the four Vedas, which
are the foundational scriptures of Hinduism. These texts contain hymns and
rituals dedicated to various deities, as well as philosophical speculations.
Sanskrit Quote
(Rigveda): "एकं सद्विप्रा बहुधा वदन्ति।"
(Translation: "The truth is one, but the wise speak of it in many
ways.")
2.3. The Epic
and Puranic Period
The Epic and Puranic period (500 BCE
to 500 CE) witnessed the composition of epics like the Mahabharata and the
Ramayana, as well as the development of Puranas, which are sacred texts that
contain myths, legends, and religious teachings.
Sanskrit Quote (Bhagavad
Gita): "मनुष्याणां सहस्रेषु कश्चिद्यतति
सिद्धये। यततामपि सिद्धानां कश्चिन्मां वेत्ति
तत्त्वतः।।" (Translation: "Out of thousands among men,
one may strive for perfection, and of those who have achieved perfection,
hardly one knows Me in truth.")
2.4. The
Development of Schools of Thought
During this period, several
philosophical schools (darshanas) emerged, each offering different perspectives
on the nature of reality, ethics, and the path to liberation. Notable schools
include Vedanta, Samkhya, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, and Yoga.
Sanskrit Quote (Vedanta
Sutra): "आत्मैवाखिलं जगत्"
(Translation: "The self alone is all.")
2.5. The
Bhakti and Sufi Movements
In the medieval period (500 CE to
1500 CE), the Bhakti and Sufi movements emerged, emphasizing devotion to a
personal deity or the divine. Bhakti saints like Kabir, Meera, and Tulsidas
played a significant role in popularizing devotional practices.
Sanskrit Quote
(Bhagavata Purana): "सर्वधर्मान्परित्यज्य मामेकं शरणम्
व्रज।" (Translation: "Abandon all varieties of religion
and just surrender unto Me.")
III. Sacred
Texts of Sanatana Dharma
3.1. The
Vedas
The Vedas are the oldest and most
revered scriptures in Hinduism. There are four Vedas: Rigveda, Yajurveda,
Samaveda, and Atharvaveda. They contain hymns, rituals, and philosophical
teachings.
Sanskrit Quote
(Rigveda): "आ नो भद्राः क्रतवो यन्तु
विश्वतः।" (Translation: "Let noble thoughts come to us
from every side.")
3.2. The
Upanishads
The Upanishads are a collection of
philosophical texts that explore the nature of reality, the self (atman), and
the ultimate reality (Brahman).
Sanskrit Quote
(Chandogya Upanishad): "तत्त्वमसि"
(Translation: "You are That.")
3.3. The
Epics
The Mahabharata and the Ramayana are
epic narratives that contain moral and philosophical teachings. The Bhagavad
Gita, a part of the Mahabharata, is one of the most important spiritual texts
in Hinduism.
Sanskrit Quote
(Bhagavad Gita): "कर्मण्येवाधिकारस्ते मा फलेषु
कदाचन।" (Translation: "You have a right to perform your
prescribed duties, but you are not entitled to the fruits of your
actions.")
3.4. The
Puranas
The Puranas are a vast genre of texts
that contain myths, legends, cosmology, and religious teachings. There are 18
major Puranas, including the Vishnu Purana, Shiva Purana, and Devi Bhagavata
Purana.
Sanskrit Quote
(Bhagavata Purana): "भक्तिः परमा भगवति प्रतिलभ्य
कामान्यधीकृत्य" (Translation: "Devotion, direct
experience of the Supreme, and detachment from other things—these three occur
simultaneously for one who has taken shelter of the Supreme Being.")
3.5. The
Dharmashastras
The Dharmashastras are texts that
provide guidelines for ethical and social conduct. The Manusmriti and
Yajnavalkya Smriti are prominent examples.
Sanskrit Quote
(Manusmriti): "यत्र नार्यस्तु पूज्यन्ते रमन्ते तत्र
देवता:।" (Translation: "Where women are revered, there
the gods are pleased.")
IV. Rituals
and Practices
4.1. Worship
and Rituals
Sanatana Dharma encompasses a wide
range of rituals and ceremonies, from daily worship (puja) in homes and temples
to elaborate yagnas (fire sacrifices) and pilgrimage to sacred sites like
Varanasi and Rishikesh.
Sanskrit Quote
(Bhagavad Gita): "यज्ञार्थात्कर्मणोऽन्यत्र लोकोऽयं
कर्मबंधनः।" (Translation: "All activities are performed
as a sacrifice for the Lord, otherwise they bind one to this material
world.")
4.2. Yoga and
Meditation
Yoga is a central practice in
Sanatana Dharma, with various forms such as Hatha Yoga, Bhakti Yoga, Jnana
Yoga, and Karma Yoga. Meditation and mindfulness techniques are employed to
attain self-realization.
Sanskrit Quote
(Patanjali Yoga Sutra): "योगश्चित्तवृत्तिनिरोधः"
(Translation: "Yoga is the cessation of the fluctuations of the
mind.")
4.3.
Festivals and Celebrations
Hinduism is known for its vibrant
festivals that celebrate various deities and seasons. Diwali, Holi, Navaratri,
and Ganesh Chaturthi are some of the most widely celebrated festivals.
Sanskrit Quote
(Rigveda): "अनो भद्राः क्रतवो यन्तु विश्वतः।"
(Translation: "Let noble thoughts come to us from every side.")
V. Cultural and
Societal Impact
5.1. Art and
Architecture
Sanatana Dharma has inspired some of
the world's most magnificent temples, sculptures, and artwork. Iconic
structures like the temples of Khajuraho and Konark are masterpieces of
architecture and symbolism.
Sanskrit Quote
(Brihadisvara Temple Inscription): "आत्मनः स्वयंभूश्च जगतः
प्रभवाप्ययौ।" (Translation: "The self-existent One has
established the world.")
5.2.
Philosophy and Literature
Bhartiya philosophy, influenced by
Sanatana Dharma, has made significant contributions to world thought. The works
of philosophers like Adi Shankaracharya, Ramanuja, and Madhva have had a
profound impact on the development of philosophical ideas.
Sanskrit Quote (Adi
Shankaracharya): "ब्रह्म सत्यं जगन्मिथ्या"
(Translation: "Brahman is the only truth; the world is unreal.")
5.3. Social
and Ethical Values
Sanatana Dharma promotes values such
as compassion, tolerance, and respect for all living beings. It has played a
pivotal role in shaping Bhartiya society's ethos and approach to life.
Sanskrit Quote
(Mahabharata): "आत्मवत्तु प्रतिष्ठानं यदि शास्यति यत्र
यत्र।" (Translation: "Wherever a righteous person dwells,
there is his true home.")
VI. Global
Influence
6.1. Spread
and Diaspora
Over the centuries, Sanatana Dharma
has spread beyond Bharat's borders, influencing Southeast Asia, Nepal, Sri
Lanka, Bali, and even parts of the Western world. The Bhartiya diaspora has
further disseminated its teachings and practices.
Sanskrit Quote
(Bhagavad Gita): "यद्यदाचरति श्रेष्ठस्तत्तदेवेतरो जनः। स
यत्प्रमाणं कुरुते लोकस्तदनुवर्तते।" (Translation:
"Whatever a great person does, common people follow. Whatever standards
they set, all others follow.")
6.2.
Influence on Modern Thought
Sanatana Dharma has had a significant
impact on modern philosophical and spiritual movements worldwide. Concepts such
as yoga, meditation, and karma have become integral to the global spiritual
lexicon.
Sanskrit Quote
(Bhagavad Gita): "योगस्थः कुरु कर्माणि सङ्गं त्यक्त्वा
धनञ्जय।" (Translation: "Perform your duty equipoised, O
Arjuna, abandoning all attachment to success or failure.")
7. The Negative Aspects of Practices in Sanatan Dharma and How the Caste System Became a Harmful Force in Hindu Society
At its core, it upholds the
belief that individuals are judged based on their actions, or karma, rather
than their birth. This principle emphasizes the idea that every person has the
potential for spiritual growth and advancement, regardless of their social or
caste background. However, over time, certain practices within the Hindu
society have deviated from these fundamental principles, leading to the
emergence of caste discrimination and mistreatment of lower-caste individuals.
In this essay, we will explore the historical and sociocultural factors that
led to the dark side of caste discrimination in Sanatan Dharma, and how these
practices are incongruent with its core teachings.
Historical Context
To understand how caste
discrimination emerged within the framework of Sanatan Dharma, it's essential
to consider the historical context. The caste system, also known as Varna
system, has ancient roots and evolved over centuries. Initially, the Varna system
was based on one's occupation, with four primary varnas: Brahmins (priests and
scholars), Kshatriyas (warriors and rulers), Vaishyas (merchants and farmers),
and Shudras (laborers and service providers). This system was designed to
distribute labor and skills efficiently in an agrarian society.
However, as time passed, the
Varna system became increasingly rigid and hierarchical, stratifying society
based on birth rather than occupation. This rigidification resulted in the
emergence of the concept of "untouchability" – a category of people
considered so impure that their mere touch or presence was believed to pollute
higher-caste individuals. This concept is not rooted in the core teachings of
Sanatan Dharma, which emphasize karma and individual growth.
Factors Contributing to Caste Discrimination
Incongruence with Core Teachings
The emergence of caste discrimination in Sanatan Dharma stands in
stark contrast to its core principles. At the heart of Hindu philosophy are the
concepts of karma and dharma:
·
Karma: The law of karma teaches that individuals
are responsible for their actions and that these actions determine their future
circumstances, both in this life and the next. This belief underscores the idea
that one's caste should not be a barrier to spiritual growth, as anyone can
improve their karma through righteous actions.
·
Dharma: Dharma, often translated as duty or
righteousness, is another foundational concept in Sanatan Dharma. It emphasizes
that individuals should fulfill their responsibilities and duties according to
their roles in society, but it does not prescribe discrimination or
mistreatment of others based on caste.
Modern Perspectives and Reforms
In contemporary Bharat, there has been a growing awareness of the need
to address caste discrimination and return to the core teachings of Sanatan
Dharma. Several reform movements and legal measures have sought to challenge
and dismantle the caste-based hierarchy:
· Social Reformers: Visionaries like Mahatma
Gandhi and B.R. Ambedkar advocated for social reform and the eradication of
untouchability. Their efforts led to significant social and political change,
including the abolition of untouchability and the reservation system to uplift
lower-caste communities.
·
Legal Measures: The Bharatn Constitution,
adopted in 1950, explicitly outlaws caste-based discrimination and promotes
social justice and equality. Affirmative action policies, such as reservations
in education and government jobs, were implemented to address historical
injustices.
·
Educational Initiatives: NGOs and educational
institutions have played a crucial role in promoting awareness and education
about caste discrimination. They work to empower marginalized communities
through access to education and opportunities.
Several historical and sociocultural factors contributed to the
devolution of the caste system into a discriminatory structure:
a.
Invasions and Foreign Rule: Bharat's
history is marked by invasions and foreign rule, which disrupted the existing
social order. During these periods, conquerors often exploited existing social
divisions, including caste, to maintain control and sow discord among the
population.
b.
Misinterpretation of Scriptures: Some
interpretations of ancient Hindu texts, such as the Manusmriti, distorted the
original teachings of Sanatan Dharma to justify caste-based discrimination.
These interpretations further entrenched the discriminatory practices within
society.
c.
Economic Interests: The caste system
allowed certain groups to maintain economic and social privileges. Higher-caste
individuals benefited from the labor and services provided by lower-caste
groups, which created an economic incentive to perpetuate the caste hierarchy.
d.
Social Norms and Tradition: Over time,
caste-based discrimination became deeply ingrained in social norms and
traditions. These norms were passed down through generations, making it
challenging to challenge or change the status quo.
e.
Political Interest of regional & national
parties:
Indeed, the political dimension
plays a significant role in the perpetuation of caste-based discrimination in Bharat.
While the caste system has ancient roots, its transformation into a deeply
divisive and discriminatory social structure was influenced by several
historical factors, including British colonial rule, and later exploited for
political gains.
·
British Colonial Rule:
The British colonial rule in Bharat, which lasted for
nearly two centuries, had a profound impact on Bharatn society and its caste
dynamics. The British introduced the concept of census and categorization of
communities based on caste, which led to the formalization and solidification
of caste identities. They utilized these divisions as a means of administrative
control, effectively classifying and categorizing Bharatn society along caste
lines for administrative purposes.
Divide and Rule Policy: The British also employed a
"divide and rule" policy, pitting different communities and castes
against each other to maintain their grip on power. By exploiting existing
social divisions and creating new ones, they sought to weaken any unified
opposition to their rule. This policy sowed the seeds of mistrust and animosity
among various caste groups, exacerbating existing tensions.
·
Post-Independence Political Exploitation:
After Bharat gained independence in 1947, some regional
political parties continued to exploit caste divisions for their political
advantage. They played on the grievances of marginalized communities, promising
to uplift them while garnering their votes. This approach further deepened the
divide between different caste groups, as politicians used identity politics to
create vote banks.
·
Religious and Communal Politics:
In addition to caste-based politics, religious and communal
politics have also played a role in exacerbating divisions. Some political
parties have used religious identity to polarize voters, which has led to
tensions and conflicts between different religious communities, as seen in
incidents like the demolition of the Babri Masjid in Ayodhya and communal
riots.
·
Kashmiri Pandit Exodus:
The tragic exodus of Kashmiri Pandits from the Kashmir
Valley in the late 1980s and early 1990s is a stark example of how political
and communal factors can lead to violence and displacement. The Pandits were
targeted by separatist militants, leading to a mass migration out of fear for
their lives. This event highlights the dangers of exploiting communal and
religious fault lines for political objectives.
·
Need for Ethical and Inclusive Politics:
It is essential to recognize that politics has the power to
both exacerbate and mitigate caste and communal tensions. While certain
political forces have exploited these divisions for their gain, others have
worked toward social justice, inclusion, and reconciliation.
To address the deeply rooted issues of caste discrimination and
communalism in Bharat, it is crucial for political leaders to prioritize
ethical and inclusive politics. This includes promoting policies that uplift
marginalized communities, ensuring equal opportunities for all, and fostering
social harmony rather than division. Additionally, civil society, media, and
citizens themselves can play a significant role in holding politicians
accountable for their actions and promoting unity and tolerance in a diverse
nation like Bharat.
Conclusion by the Writer
Sanatana Dharma, with its profound philosophical
depth, storied history, and timeless teachings, stands as a testament to the
enduring essence of human spirituality. Its impact on the realms of art,
literature, philosophy, and ethics is immeasurable, and its influence continues
to reverberate in the contemporary world. As we ponder its ancient origins,
fundamental principles, revered scriptures, sacred rituals, and cultural
significance, we discern that it embodies the quintessence of the most ancient
and unadulterated spiritual tradition in the world. Sanatana Dharma,
characterized by its inclusiveness, sagacity, and relentless pursuit of
ultimate truth, remains a guiding luminary for those in search of spiritual
enlightenment and self-realization.
The dark side of caste discrimination within the framework of Sanatan
Dharma has its roots in historical and sociocultural factors that deviated from
the religion's core principles of karma and dharma. While the caste system may
have served as a means of organizing society in ancient times, it has since
been transformed into a system of discrimination and inequality. However,
contemporary Bharat has made significant strides in addressing these issues
through legal measures, social reforms, and educational initiatives.
The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
(RSS) are both aligning themselves to exert checks and control over the
depreciation of Sanatan Dharma by any troublemakers within the country.
Moreover, the political determination of the ruling parties must be robust in
rationalizing matters and exercising strong oversight over purveyors of hate
speech. No one should be permitted to utter falsehoods about Sanatan or any
other religions. It is imperative to emphasize that Bharat should adopt a
two-party political system so that the poison disseminated by regional and
local political parties in the name of caste, region, and creed can be
restrained, and they should not be allowed to seek votes solely based on their
caste discrimination.
It is important to recognize that the discriminatory practices
associated with caste are not inherent to Sanatan Dharma's core teachings. The
essence of Hinduism lies in the belief that every individual, regardless of
their birth, has the potential for spiritual growth and enlightenment through
their actions and adherence to righteous principles. The ongoing efforts to
combat caste discrimination reflect a desire to return to these fundamental
ideals and create a more just and equitable society, in line with the true
essence of Sanatan Dharma.
All followers of Sanatan Dharma should come together, regardless of
their caste beliefs, and work towards dissolving caste distinctions.
Encouraging intercaste marriages and avoiding discussions related to
caste while promoting harmony among each other is essential. If any
political leader or influencer from another religion attempts to
manipulate or disparage Sanatan Dharma, immediate action should be taken
against such individuals. Do not remain passive; take a stand. Vishva
Hindu Parishad is available as a resource, and in case of any
emergencies, you can reach out to them. I urge every Sanatani to
consider becoming a member of Vishva Hindu Parishad and RSS without
hesitation. Your unity is the guarantee of the safety and preservation
of the Sanatan Hindu religion.
Written and arranged by Balwant Singh Rana
